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- Network Working Group A. McKenzie
- Request for Comments: 1110 BBN STC
- August 1989
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- A Problem with the TCP Big Window Option
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- Status of this Memo
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- This memo comments on the TCP Big Window option described in RFC
- 1106. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
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- Abstract
-
- The TCP Big Window option discussed in RFC 1106 will not work
- properly in an Internet environment which has both a high bandwidth *
- delay product and the possibility of disordering and duplicating
- packets. In such networks, the window size must not be increased
- without a similar increase in the sequence number space. Therefore,
- a different approach to big windows should be taken in the Internet.
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- Discussion
-
- TCP was designed to work in a packet store-and-forward environment
- characterized by the possibility of packet loss, packet disordering,
- and packet duplication. Packet loss can occur, for example, by a
- congested network element discarding a packet. Packet disordering
- can occur, for example, by packets of a TCP connection being
- arbitrarily transmitted partially over a low bandwidth terrestrial
- path and partially over a high bandwidth satellite path. Packet
- duplication can occur, for example, when two directly-connected
- network elements use a reliable link protocol and the link goes down
- after the receiver correctly receives a packet but before the
- transmitter receives an acknowledgement for the packet; the
- transmitter and receiver now each take responsibility for attempting
- to deliver the same packet to its ultimate destination.
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- TCP has the task of recreating at the destination an exact copy of
- the data stream generated at the source, in the same order and with
- no gaps or duplicates. The mechanism used to accomplish this task is
- to assign a "unique" sequence number to each byte of data at its
- source, and to sort the bytes at the destination according to the
- sequence number. The sorting operation corrects any disordering. An
- acknowledgement, timeout, and retransmission scheme corrects for data
- loss. The uniqueness of the sequence number corrects for data
- duplication.
-
- As a practical matter, however, the sequence number is not unique; it
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- McKenzie [Page 1]
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- RFC 1110 Comments on TCP Big Window Option August 1989
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- is contained in a 32-bit field and therefore "wraps around" after the
- transmission of 2**32 bytes of data. Two additional mechanisms are
- used to insure the effective uniqueness of sequence numbers; these
- are the TCP transmission window and bounds on packet lifetime within
- the Internet, including the IP Time-to-Live (TTL). The transmission
- window specifies the maximum number of bytes which may be sent by the
- source in one source-destination roundtrip time. Since the TCP
- transmission window is specified by 16 bits, which is 1/65536 of the
- sequence number space, a sequence number will not be reused (used to
- number another byte) for 65,536 roundtrip times. So long as the
- combination of gateway action on the IP TTL and holding times within
- the individual networks which interconnect the gateways do not allow
- a packet's lifetime to exceed 65,536 roundtrip times, each sequence
- number is effectively unique. It was believed by the TCP designers
- that the networks and gateways forming the internet would meet this
- constraint, and such has been the case.
-
- The proposed TCP Big Window option, as described in RFC 1106, expands
- the size of the window specification to 30 bits, while leaving the
- sequence number space unchanged. Thus, a sequence number can be
- reused after 4 roundtrip times. Further, the Nak option allows a
- packet to be retransmitted (i.e., potentially duplicated) by the
- source after only one roundtrip time. Thus, if a packet becomes
- "lost" in the Internet for only about 5 roundtrip times it may be
- delivered when its sequence number again lies within the window,
- albeit a later cycle of the window. In this case, TCP will not
- necessarily recreate at the destination an exact copy of the data
- stream generated at the source; it may replace some data with earlier
- data.
-
- Of course, the problem described above results from the storage of
- the "lost" packet within the net, and its subsequent out-of-order
- delivery. RFC 1106 seems to describe use of the proposed options in
- an isolated satellite network. We may hypothesize that this network
- is memoryless, and thus cannot deliver packets out of order; it
- either delivers a packet in order or loses it. If this is the case,
- then there is no problem with the proposed options. The Internet,
- however, can deliver packets out of order, and this will likely
- continue to be true even if gigabit links become part of the
- Internet. Therefore, the approach described in RFC 1106 cannot be
- adopted for general Internet use.
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- McKenzie [Page 2]
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- RFC 1110 Comments on TCP Big Window Option August 1989
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- Author's Address
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- Alex McKenzie
- Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
- 10 Moulton Street
- Cambridge, MA 02238
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- Phone: (617) 873-2962
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- EMail: MCKENZIE@BBN.COM
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- McKenzie [Page 3]
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